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Received Message From Exchange That Message Was Not Read

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Mail sent using electronic means

This screenshot shows the "Inbox" page of an email client; users can run across new emails and accept actions, such every bit reading, deleting, saving, or responding to these letters.

When a "robot" on Wikipedia makes changes to image files, the uploader receives an e-mail about the changes fabricated. .

Electronic mail (email or email) is a method of exchanging messages ("post") between people using electronic devices. Email was thus conceived equally the electronic (digital) version of, or counterpart to, mail, at a time when "postal service" meant only concrete mail (hence east- + mail). Email later became a ubiquitous (very widely used) communication medium, to the indicate that in current use, an e-mail accost is oftentimes treated every bit a basic and necessary office of many processes in business organisation, commerce, regime, education, amusement, and other spheres of daily life in virtually countries. Electronic mail is the medium, and each message sent therewith is called an email (mass/count distinction).

Email's primeval evolution began in the 1960s, but at first users could send e-post only to other users of the aforementioned computer. Some systems as well supported a form of instant messaging, where sender and receiver needed to exist online simultaneously. The history of modern Internet email services reaches dorsum to the early on ARPANET, with standards for encoding email messages published as early as 1973 (RFC 561). An email message sent in the early 1970s is similar to a bones email sent today. Ray Tomlinson is credited every bit the inventor of networked electronic mail; in 1971, he adult the outset arrangement able to send mail between users on different hosts across the ARPANET, using the @ sign to link the user proper noun with a destination server. By the mid-1970s, this was the form recognized equally e-mail. At the time, though, e-mail, like most calculating, was mostly just for "computer geeks" in certain environments, such as engineering and the sciences. During the 1980s and 1990s, utilize of e-mail became mutual in the worlds of business management, government, universities, and defense/military industries, but much of the public did non use information technology yet. Starting with the advent of web browsers in the mid-1990s, utilize of e-mail began to extend to the rest of the public, no longer something merely for geeks in certain professions or industries. By the 2010s, webmail (the web-era class of email) had gained its ubiquitous status.

Email operates beyond computer networks, primarily the Internet. Today'south email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect, typically to a mail service server or a webmail interface to transport or receive messages or download it.

Originally an ASCII text-but communications medium, Internet e-mail was extended by Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) to carry text in other character sets and multimedia content attachments. International electronic mail, with internationalized e-mail addresses using UTF-eight, is standardized but not widely adopted.[2]

Terminology

Prior to the spread of electronic mail services, the word email, here derived from the French word émail, primarily referred to vitreous enamel or sometimes ceramic glaze. A rare term, information technology was mainly used by fine art historians and medievalists.

Historically, the term e-mail is whatsoever electronic document manual. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to refer to fax document manual.[iii] [4] As a result, finding its first use is difficult with the specific meaning information technology has today.

The term electronic mail has been in use with its electric current meaning since at least 1975, and variations of the shorter E-mail have been in apply since at to the lowest degree 1979:[v] [6]

  • email is now the common form, and recommended by style guides.[7] [8] It is the form required past IETF Requests for Comments (RFC) and working groups.[9] This spelling also appears in most dictionaries.[x] [xi] [12] [13] [fourteen] [fifteen] [16]
  • eastward-mail service is the grade favored in edited published American English and British English language writing as reflected in the Corpus of Contemporary American English data,[17] but is falling out of favor in some style guides.[viii] [eighteen]
  • Electronic mail is a traditional form used in RFCs for the "Author'south Address" and is required "for historical reasons".[19]
  • Email is sometimes used, capitalizing the initial E as in similar abbreviations similar E-piano, E-guitar, A-bomb, and H-bomb.[xx]

In the original protocol, RFC 524, none of these forms was used. The service is but referred to equally mail, and a single piece of e-mail is called a message.

An Internet electronic mail consists of an envelope and content;[21] the content consists of a header and a trunk.[22]

Origin

Computer-based mail service and messaging became possible with the advent of fourth dimension-sharing computers in the early 1960s, and informal methods of using shared files to laissez passer messages were soon expanded into the first mail systems. Nearly developers of early mainframes and minicomputers developed similar, merely generally incompatible, mail applications. Over fourth dimension, a circuitous web of gateways and routing systems linked many of them. Many US universities were function of the ARPANET (created in the late 1960s), which aimed at software portability between its systems. In 1971 the start ARPANET network email was sent, introducing the at present-familiar address syntax with the '@' symbol designating the user's system accost.[23] The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol was introduced in 1981.

For a time in the late 1980s and early on 1990s, it seemed probable that either a proprietary commercial system or the 10.400 email system, part of the Regime Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP), would predominate.[nb 1] However, once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet concluded in 1995,[24] [25] a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP, POP3 and IMAP electronic mail protocols the standard.

Operation

The following is a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender Alice transmits a message using a mail user agent (MUA) addressed to the email address of the recipient.[26]

  1. The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a contour of the Elementary Post Transfer Protocol (SMTP), to transport the message content to the local mail submission agent (MSA), in this case smtp.a.org.
  2. The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header) — in this case, bob@b.org — which is a fully qualified domain address (FQDA). The part before the @ sign is the local part of the address, often the username of the recipient, and the role after the @ sign is a domain name. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the fully qualified domain name of the mail server in the Domain Proper noun Organisation (DNS).
  3. The DNS server for the domain b.org (ns.b.org) responds with any MX records listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case mx.b.org, a message transfer agent (MTA) server run by the recipient'southward Isp.[27]
  4. smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may demand to forward the bulletin to other MTAs earlier the message reaches the final bulletin commitment agent (MDA).
  5. The MDA delivers information technology to the mailbox of user bob.
  6. Bob'south MUA picks up the bulletin using either the Post Office Protocol (POP3) or the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).

In add-on to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email system:

  • Alice or Bob may use a customer continued to a corporate email organisation, such as IBM Lotus Notes or Microsoft Substitution. These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the electronic mail server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the production's Cyberspace mail service gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob piece of work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system.
  • Alice may not have an MUA on her computer simply instead may connect to a webmail service.
  • Alice's computer may run its ain MTA, so fugitive the transfer at pace 1.
  • Bob may pick upwards his e-mail in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.
  • Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they tin go along to accept post even if the primary is not bachelor.

Many MTAs used to accept messages for whatsoever recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called open mail relays. This was very of import in the early on days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable.[28] [29] However, this machinery proved to be exploitable past originators of unsolicited bulk electronic mail and as a consequence open up mail relays take go rare,[thirty] and many MTAs practise not accept messages from open post relays.

Message format

The basic Net message format used for email[31] is defined past RFC 5322, with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called Multipurpose Cyberspace Mail Extensions or MIME. The extensions in International email utilize but to email. RFC 5322 replaced the before RFC 2822 in 2008, then RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 – the standard for Cyberspace email for decades. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.[32]

Net email messages consist of two sections, 'header' and 'body'. These are known as 'content'.[33] [34] The header is structured into fields such equally From, To, CC, Discipline, Date, and other information about the e-mail. In the procedure of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the message, every bit unstructured text, sometimes containing a signature block at the end. The header is separated from the body by a bare line.

RFC 5322 specifies the syntax of the email header. Each email message has a header (the "header section" of the message, according to the specification), comprising a number of fields ("header fields"). Each field has a proper noun ("field proper noun" or "header field name"), followed by the separator grapheme ":", and a value ("field body" or "header field trunk").

Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header section, and begins with a non-whitespace printable character. Information technology ends with the separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the "field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have infinite or tab as their first grapheme. Field names and, without SMTPUTF8, field bodies are restricted to seven-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may exist represented using MIME encoded words.

Email header fields can be multi-line, with each line recommended to exist no more than 78 characters, although the limit is 998 characters.[35] Header fields defined by RFC 5322 contain but US-ASCII characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 may be used.[36] In some examples, the IETF EAI working grouping defines some standards track extensions,[37] [38] replacing previous experimental extensions so UTF-8 encoded Unicode characters may be used inside the header. In detail, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such addresses are supported by Google and Microsoft products, and promoted by some government agents.[39]

The message header must include at least the following fields:[40] [41]

  • From: The e-mail address, and, optionally, the name of the author(s). Some email clients are child-bearing through account settings.
  • Date: The local fourth dimension and date the message was written. Like the From: field, many electronic mail clients make full this in automatically before sending. The recipient's client may display the time in the format and time zone local to them.

RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the IANA; information technology provides for permanent and conditional field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and HTTP, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for electronic mail include:[42]

  • To: The email address(es), and optionally name(southward) of the message's recipient(due south). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients meet Cc: and Bcc: below.
  • Subject: A cursory summary of the topic of the message. Sure abbreviations are commonly used in the subject area, including "RE:" and "FW:".
  • Cc: Carbon copy; Many email clients mark e-mail in ane's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc: list.
  • Bcc: Blind carbon copy; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP delivery, and not commonly listed in the message header.
  • Content-Type: Information almost how the message is to be displayed, ordinarily a MIME type.
  • Precedence: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to signal automated "vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from sent to all other subscribers of a mailing list. Sendmail uses this field to affect prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-commitment" messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks, delivery priority is less of an issue than it was. Microsoft Exchange respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the Ten-Car-Response-Suppress field.[43]
  • Message-ID: Also an automatic-generated field to prevent multiple deliveries and for reference in In-Reply-To: (meet below).
  • In-Reply-To: Bulletin-ID of the message this is a answer to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies to reply messages.
  • References: Bulletin-ID of the bulletin this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc.
  • Answer-To : Accost should be used to respond to the message.
  • Sender: Address of the sender acting on behalf of the writer listed in the From: field (secretary, listing manager, etc.).
  • Archived-At: A direct link to the archived form of an individual electronic mail message.

The To: field may be unrelated to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol, SMTP, which may be extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is like to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the "From:" field may not exist the sender. Some mail servers employ electronic mail authentication systems to messages relayed. Information pertaining to the server's activity is likewise function of the header, as defined below.

SMTP defines the trace information of a message saved in the header using the following two fields:[44]

  • Received: after an SMTP server accepts a bulletin, it inserts this trace tape at the meridian of the header (concluding to first).
  • Return-Path: after the delivery SMTP server makes the final delivery of a bulletin, it inserts this field at the top of the header.

Other fields added on meridian of the header by the receiving server may be called trace fields.[45]

  • Authentication-Results: later on a server verifies authentication, information technology tin can save the results in this field for consumption past downstream agents.[46]
  • Received-SPF: stores results of SPF checks in more than item than Authentication-Results.[47]
  • DKIM-Signature: stores results of DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) decryption to verify the message was not changed after information technology was sent.[48]
  • Auto-Submitted: is used to mark automatic-generated messages.[49]
  • VBR-Info: claims VBR whitelisting[fifty]

Message body

Content encoding

Net email was designed for 7-bit ASCII.[51] Virtually electronic mail software is viii-flake clean, but must presume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and post readers. The MIME standard introduced character set specifiers and 2 content transfer encodings to enable manual of non-ASCII data: quoted printable for more often than not seven-fleck content with a few characters outside that range and base64 for arbitrary binary data. The 8BITMIME and BINARY extensions were introduced to let manual of postal service without the need for these encodings, but many mail service transport agents may non support them. In some countries, electronic mail software violates RFC 5322 by sending raw[nb ii] non-ASCII text and several encoding schemes co-exist; as a result, past default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in not-readable grade (the only exception is a coincidence if the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international character sets, Unicode is growing in popularity.[52]

Plain text and HTML

Virtually modern graphic e-mail clients allow the employ of either evidently text or HTML for the message torso at the option of the user. HTML e-mail letters often include an automatic-generated plain text copy for compatibility. Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set apart previous letters in cake quotes, wrap naturally on whatsoever brandish, use accent such as underlines and italics, and change font styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about web bugs, abuse of HTML email as a vector for phishing attacks and the spread of malicious software.[53]

Some east-mail clients translate the body as HTML even in the absence of a Content-Blazon: html header field; this may cause various bug.

Some web-based mailing lists recommend all posts exist made in plain-text, with 72 or 80 characters per line for all the above reasons,[54] [55] and because they have a significant number of readers using text-based email clients such as Mutt. Some Microsoft electronic mail clients may let rich formatting using their proprietary Rich Text Format (RTF), but this should be avoided unless the recipient is guaranteed to take a uniform email customer.[56]

Servers and client applications

Letters are exchanged between hosts using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol with software programs chosen post transfer agents (MTAs); and delivered to a post store by programs called post commitment agents (MDAs, also sometimes chosen local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it,[57] and when a bulletin cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a bounciness message back to the sender, indicating the problem.

Users tin can remember their letters from servers using standard protocols such as POP or IMAP, or, as is more than likely in a big corporate surroundings, with a proprietary protocol specific to Novell Groupwise, Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange Servers. Programs used by users for retrieving, reading, and managing email are chosen mail user agents (MUAs).

When opening an email, information technology is marked as "read", which typically visibly distinguishes it from "unread" messages on clients' user interfaces. E-mail clients may permit hiding read emails from the inbox so the user can focus on the unread.[58]

Mail can exist stored on the customer, on the server side, or in both places. Standard formats for mailboxes include Maildir and mbox. Several prominent email clients utilize their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer email between them. Server-side storage is often in a proprietary format simply since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP, moving email from one server to another can be done with whatever MUA supporting the protocol.

Many current email users exercise non run MTA, MDA or MUA programs themselves, but use a web-based email platform, such every bit Gmail or Yahoo! Mail service, that performs the aforementioned tasks.[59] Such webmail interfaces allow users to admission their postal service with whatever standard web browser, from any computer, rather than relying on a local electronic mail client.

Filename extensions

Upon reception of electronic mail letters, electronic mail client applications save messages in operating arrangement files in the file arrangement. Some clients save private messages as split up files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is the mbox format. The specific format used is frequently indicated past special filename extensions:

eml
Used past many email clients including Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Outlook Express, Lotus notes, Windows Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, and Postbox. The files contain the email contents equally plain text in MIME format, containing the email header and body, including attachments in i or more than of several formats.
emlx
Used past Apple tree Postal service.
msg
Used by Microsoft Part Outlook and OfficeLogic Groupware.
mbx
Used past Opera Postal service, KMail, and Apple Postal service based on the mbox format.

Some applications (like Apple tree Post) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while too saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory.

URI scheme mailto

The URI scheme, every bit registered with the IANA, defines the mailto: scheme for SMTP email addresses. Though its use is not strictly divers, URLs of this form are intended to be used to open the new bulletin window of the user's mail service customer when the URL is activated, with the address as defined by the URL in the To: field.[60] [61] Many clients also support query string parameters for the other e-mail fields, such every bit its subject line or carbon copy recipients.[62]

Types

Web-based e-mail

Many email providers have a web-based electronic mail client (e.g. AOL Mail service, Gmail, Outlook.com and Yahoo! Mail service). This allows users to log into the e-mail account by using any uniform spider web browser to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the web client, so can't be read without a current Internet connection.

POP3 e-mail servers

The Postal service Office Protocol three (POP3) is a mail access protocol used past a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are frequently deleted from the server. POP supports unproblematic download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the Pop RFC's).[63] POP3 allows you to download email letters on your local reckoner and read them even when you are offline.[64] [65]

IMAP email servers

The Net Message Access Protocol (IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like smartphones are increasingly used to check electronic mail while traveling and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard admission beingness used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Commonly, the mail is left in folders in the mail service server.

MAPI electronic mail servers

Messaging Awarding Programming Interface (MAPI) is used past Microsoft Outlook to communicate to Microsoft Substitution Server - and to a range of other electronic mail server products such as Axigen Mail service Server, Kerio Connect, Scalix, Zimbra, HP OpenMail, IBM Lotus Notes, Zarafa, and Bynari where vendors have added MAPI support to permit their products to be accessed direct via Outlook.

Uses

Business organisation and organizational use

E-mail has been widely accustomed by businesses, governments and not-governmental organizations in the adult world, and it is ane of the fundamental parts of an 'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed Internet). A sponsored 2010 study on workplace advice found 83% of U.Southward. cognition workers felt email was critical to their success and productivity at work.[66]

It has some fundamental benefits to business and other organizations, including:

Facilitating logistics
Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the aforementioned building, area, or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting, call, or conference call can exist inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Electronic mail provides a method of exchanging information between ii or more people with no gear up-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone call.
Helping with synchronization
With existent fourth dimension communication by meetings or phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same corporeality of fourth dimension in the meeting or call. Email allows asynchrony: each participant may control their schedule independently. Batch processing of incoming emails tin can meliorate workflow compared to interrupting calls.
Reducing cost
Sending an electronic mail is much less expensive than sending postal postal service, or long distance phone calls, telex or telegrams.
Increasing speed
Much faster than most of the alternatives.
Creating a "written" record
Unlike a telephone or in-person chat, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and recipient(south) and the appointment and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an individual was brash of certain issues, equally each email has the date and time recorded on it.
Possibility of auto-processing and improved distribution
Likewise pre-processing of customer'south orders and/or addressing the person in accuse can exist realized by automated procedures.

Email marketing

Email marketing via "opt-in" is oft successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information.[67] Depending on the recipient's culture,[68] email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed every bit unwelcome "electronic mail spam".

Personal use

Personal computer

Many users access their personal emails from friends and family members using a personal calculator in their house or apartment.

Mobile

Email has become used on smartphones and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their homes. While in the earliest years of email, users could but access email on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away from home, whether they are beyond boondocks or beyond the world. Alerts tin too be sent to the smartphone or other devices to notify them immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to cheque their electronic mail and write letters throughout the day. Every bit of 2011[update], in that location were approximately 1.4 billion e-mail users worldwide and l billion non-spam emails that were sent daily.[61]

Individuals often check emails on smartphones for both personal and work-related messages. It was found that Us adults bank check their email more they scan the spider web or check their Facebook accounts, making electronic mail the most popular action for users to practise on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their telephone.[69] It was also found that 30% of consumers use but their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were likely to check their email at least in one case per twenty-four hours on their smartphone. However, the percentage of consumers using e-mail on a smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across unlike countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of those consumers in the The states who used it, only 17% in India did.[70]

Declining employ among young people

As of 2010[update], the number of Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percentage after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was down xviii percent. Young people preferred instant messaging, texting and social media. Engineering science writer Matt Richtel said in The New York Times that email was similar the VCR, vinyl records and film cameras—no longer cool and something older people practice.[71] [72]

A 2022 survey of Android users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging apps 3.5 times as much as those over 45, and were far less likely to use email.[73]

Issues

Attachment size limitation

E-mail letters may take ane or more attachments, which are boosted files that are appended to the email. Typical attachments include Microsoft Word documents, PDF documents, and scanned images of paper documents. In principle, there is no technical brake on the size or number of attachments. However, in practice, email clients, servers, and Internet service providers implement various limitations on the size of files, or complete email - typically to 25MB or less.[74] [75] [76] Furthermore, due to technical reasons, zipper sizes as seen by these transport systems can differ from what the user sees,[77] which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely transport a file by email. Where larger files demand to be shared, diverse file hosting services are available and commonly used.[78] [79]

Information overload

The ubiquity of email for noesis workers and "white neckband" employees has led to concerns that recipients face up an "data overload" in dealing with increasing volumes of email.[fourscore] [81] With the growth in mobile devices, by default employees may also receive work-related emails outside of their working day. This tin lead to increased stress and decreased satisfaction with work. Some observers even argue it could accept a significant negative economic issue,[82] as efforts to read the many emails could reduce productivity.

Spam

Email "spam" is unsolicited bulk email. The low cost of sending such email meant that, by 2003, up to 30% of total email traffic was spam,[83] [84] [85] and was threatening the usefulness of email as a applied tool. The US CAN-SPAM Human activity of 2003 and like laws elsewhere[86] had some bear upon, and a number of effective anti-spam techniques now largely mitigate the impact of spam past filtering or rejecting it for nigh users,[87] but the volume sent is still very high—and increasingly consists not of advertisements for products, only malicious content or links.[88] In September 2017, for example, the proportion of spam to legitimate electronic mail rose to 59.56%.[89] The percentage of spam electronic mail in 2022 is estimated to be 85%.[90] [ better source needed ]

Malware

A range of malicious email types exist. These range from various types of email scams, including "social engineering" scams such as advance-fee scam "Nigerian letters", to phishing, email bombardment and email worms.

Electronic mail spoofing

Email spoofing occurs when the email message header is designed to make the message appear to come from a known or trusted source. Email spam and phishing methods typically utilize spoofing to mislead the recipient nearly the truthful message origin. Email spoofing may be done as a prank, or as part of a criminal attempt to defraud an individual or organization. An example of a potentially fraudulent electronic mail spoofing is if an individual creates an email that appears to be an invoice from a major company, so sends it to i or more than recipients. In some cases, these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported arrangement and even the electronic mail accost may appear legitimate.

Email bombing

E-mail bombing is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address. The overloading of the target electronic mail address tin render it unusable and can even crusade the mail server to crash.

Privacy concerns

Today information technology tin can exist important to distinguish betwixt the Cyberspace and internal electronic mail systems. Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers without the sender's or the recipient'southward control. During the transit time it is possible that third parties read or even modify the content. Internal mail service systems, in which the information never leaves the organizational network, may be more secure, although it personnel and others whose part may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the electronic mail of other employees.

Email privacy, without some security precautions, tin be compromised considering:

  • email messages are generally not encrypted.
  • email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, significant information technology is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.
  • many Cyberspace Service Providers (Isp) store copies of electronic mail messages on their mail service servers before they are delivered. The backups of these tin can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the mailbox.
  • the "Received:"-fields and other data in the email tin often place the sender, preventing anonymous communication.
  • web bugs invisibly embedded in HTML content can alert the sender of whatsoever email whenever an e-mail is rendered as HTML (some electronic mail clients exercise this when the user reads, or re-reads the e-mail) and from which IP address. It tin can as well reveal whether an electronic mail was read on a smartphone or a PC, or Apple Mac device via the user agent string.

At that place are cryptography applications that tin can serve as a remedy to one or more of the above. For case, Virtual Private Networks or the Tor network can exist used to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while GPG, PGP, SMEmail,[91] or S/MIME can exist used for cease-to-end message encryption, and SMTP STARTTLS or SMTP over Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer can be used to encrypt communications for a single post hop between the SMTP customer and the SMTP server.

Additionally, many mail user agents practise non protect logins and passwords, making them easy to intercept by an aggressor. Encrypted authentication schemes such as SASL prevent this. Finally, the attached files share many of the same hazards every bit those found in peer-to-peer filesharing. Attached files may comprise trojans or viruses.

Legal contracts

It is possible for an exchange of emails to form a binding contract, so users must be conscientious nigh what they send through electronic mail correspondence.[92] [93] A signature block on an e-mail may be interpreted every bit satisfying a signature requirement for a contract.[94]

Flaming

Flaming occurs when a person sends a message (or many letters) with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word incendiary to depict particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the social norms that encourage civility in person or via telephone practice non exist and civility may be forgotten.[95]

E-mail bankruptcy

Likewise known every bit "email fatigue", e-mail bankruptcy is when a user ignores a big number of e-mail letters after falling backside in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind is oft due to information overload and a full general sense there is then much information that it is not possible to read information technology all. As a solution, people occasionally transport a "average" message explaining that their email inbox is full, and that they are in the process of clearing out all the letters. Harvard University law professor Lawrence Lessig is credited with coining this term, but he may only have popularized information technology.[96]

Internationalization

Originally Cyberspace email was completely ASCII text-based. MIME at present allows body content text and some header content text in international character sets, but other headers and email addresses using UTF-8, while standardized[97] have yet to be widely adopted.[2] [98]

Tracking of sent postal service

The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a transmitted message, and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read. Information technology requires that each mail server must either evangelize it onward or render a failure detect (bounciness message), but both software bugs and arrangement failures can cause letters to exist lost. To remedy this, the IETF introduced Delivery Condition Notifications (delivery receipts) and Message Disposition Notifications (return receipts); however, these are not universally deployed in production.[nb 3]

Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports (NDRs) and delivery receipts due to the activities of spammers:

  • Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so, this indicates to a spammer that it is bachelor to be spammed.
  • If the spammer uses a forged sender email address (email spoofing), then the innocent email address that was used can exist flooded with NDRs from the many invalid e-mail addresses the spammer may accept attempted to mail service. These NDRs and then constitute spam from the Internet service provider to the innocent user.

In the absence of standard methods, a range of arrangement based around the utilize of web bugs have been developed. However, these are often seen as underhand or raising privacy concerns,[101] [102] and only piece of work with electronic mail clients that support rendering of HTML. Many mail clients at present default to non showing "web content".[103] Webmail providers tin also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images.[104]

See also

  • Bearding remailer
  • Anti-spam techniques
  • biff
  • Bounce bulletin
  • Comparison of email clients
  • Dark Mail service Alliance
  • Disposable email address
  • E-card
  • Electronic mailing list
  • Email fine art
  • E-mail authentication
  • Email digest
  • Email encryption
  • Email hosting service
  • Email storm
  • Email tracking
  • HTML email
  • Information overload
  • Internet fax
  • Internet mail standards
  • List of electronic mail subject abbreviations
  • MCI Mail
  • Netiquette
  • Posting style
  • Privacy-enhanced Electronic Post
  • Push email
  • RSS
  • Telegraphy
  • Unicode and e-mail
  • Usenet quoting
  • Webmail, Comparing of webmail providers
  • Ten-Originating-IP
  • Ten.400
  • Yerkish

Notes

  1. ^ Come across Protocol Wars.
  2. ^ Not using Internationalized Electronic mail or MIME
  3. ^ A complete Message Tracking machinery was besides defined, but information technology never gained traction; see RFCs 3885[99] through 3888.[100]

References

  1. ^ "RFC 5321 – Simple Postal service Transfer Protocol". Network Working Group. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  2. ^ a b "DataMail: World's kickoff free linguistic electronic mail service supports eight Bharat languages". Archived from the original on October 22, 2016.
  3. ^ Brownish, Ron (Oct 26, 1972). "Fax invades the mail service market". New Scientist. Vol. 56, no. 817. London, England: New Scientist Ltd. pp. 218–221. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016.
  4. ^ Luckett, Herbert P. (March 1973). "What's News: Electronic-postal service commitment gets started". Popular Science. Vol. 202, no. 3. Harlan, Iowa: Bonnier Corporation. p. 85. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016.
  5. ^ "email noun earlier than 1979". Oxford English language Dictionary. October 25, 2012. Retrieved May fourteen, 2020.
  6. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (July 28, 2015). "Why the kickoff use of the word 'email' may be lost forever". Washington Post . Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  7. ^ "Yahoo way guide". Styleguide.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved January ix, 2014.
  8. ^ a b "AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide". Huffington Postal service. New York City. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015.
  9. ^ "RFC Editor Terms List". IETF. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. This is suggested by the RFC Document Way Guide Archived 2015-04-24 at the Wayback Car
  10. ^ AskOxford Language Query team. "What is the correct way to spell 'due east' words such every bit 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'?". FAQ. Oxford Academy Press. Archived from the original on July ane, 2008. Retrieved September iv, 2009. We recommend email, this is the common class
  11. ^ "Reference.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  12. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006
  13. ^ The American Heritage Lexicon of the English Linguistic communication, Quaternary Edition
  14. ^ Princeton Academy WordNet 3.0
  15. ^ The American Heritage Scientific discipline Dictionary, 2002
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  20. ^ "Excerpt from the FAQ list of the Usenet newsgroup alt.usage.english". Alt-usage-english language.org. Archived from the original on Apr three, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  21. ^ "Postal service Objects". Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. IETF. sec. 2.iii.1. doi:10.17487/RFC5321. RFC 5321. SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content.
  22. ^ "Postal service Objects". Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. IETF. sec. two.3.1. doi:ten.17487/RFC5321. RFC 5321. The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body. If the content conforms to other gimmicky standards, the header section is a collection of header fields, each consisting of a header proper noun, a colon, and data, structured equally in the message format specification
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  26. ^ How E-mail service Works. howstuffworks.com. 2008. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017.
  27. ^ "MX Record Caption" Archived 2015-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, it.cornell.edu
  28. ^ "What is open relay?". WhatIs.com. Indiana University. July 19, 2004. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  29. ^ Ch Seetha Ram (2010). It for Management. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 164. ISBN978-81-8450-267-i.
  30. ^ Hoffman, Paul (Baronial xx, 2002). "Allowing Relaying in SMTP: A Serial of Surveys". IMC Reports. Cyberspace Mail Consortium. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved Apr 13, 2008.
  31. ^ The Net bulletin format is likewise used for network news
  32. ^ Simpson, Ken (Oct 3, 2008). "An update to the email standards". MailChannels Blog Entry. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008.
  33. ^ J. Klensin (Oct 2008), "Mail Objects", Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, sec. two.three.ane., doi:10.17487/RFC5321, RFC 5321, SMTP transports a mail object. A post object contains an envelope and content. ... The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has ii parts: the header section and the body.
  34. ^ D. Crocker (July 2009), "Message Data", Internet Mail Architecture, sec. 4.1., doi:x.17487/RFC5598, RFC 5598, A message comprises a transit-handling envelope and the message content. The envelope contains information used past the MHS. The content is divided into a structured header and the body.
  35. ^ P. Resnick, Ed. (Oct 2008). "RFC 5322, Net Bulletin Format". IETF. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015.
  36. ^ Moore, K (November 1996). "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail service Extensions) Part Three: Bulletin Header Extensions for Not-ASCII Text". IETF. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  37. ^ A Yang, Ed. (February 2012). "RFC 6532, Internationalized Email Headers". Ietf Asking for Comments (RFC) Pages - Exam. IETF. ISSN 2070-1721. Archived from the original on Feb 18, 2015.
  38. ^ J. Yao, Ed., W. Mao, Ed. (February 2012). "RFC 6531, SMTP Extension for Internationalized Electronic mail Addresses". Ietf Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test. IETF. ISSN 2070-1721. Archived from the original on Feb xviii, 2015. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  39. ^ "Now, get your electronic mail address in Hindi - The Economic Times". The Economical Times. Archived from the original on Baronial 28, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  40. ^ Resnick, Pete (October 2008). "RFC 5322, 3.half dozen. Field Definitions". Tools.ietf.org. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved January nine, 2014.
  41. ^ Resnick, Pete (Oct 2008). "RFC 5322, 3.6.iv. Identification Fields". Tools.ietf.org. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  42. ^ Dürst, Martin J. (December 2007). "RFC 5064". Tools.ietf.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  43. ^ Microsoft, Machine Response Suppress, 2010, Microsoft reference Archived 2011-04-07 at the Wayback Car, 2010 Sep 22
  44. ^ John Klensin (Oct 2008). "Trace Information". Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. IETF. sec. 4.4. doi:x.17487/RFC5321. RFC 5321.
  45. ^ John Levine (January fourteen, 2012). "Trace headers". email bulletin. IETF. Archived from the original on August xi, 2012. Retrieved January xvi, 2012. there are many more trace fields than those two
  46. ^ This extensible field is divers past RFC 7001, this also defines an IANA registry of Electronic mail Authentication Parameters.
  47. ^ RFC 7208.
  48. ^ "RFC6376". Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  49. ^ Defined in RFC 3834, and updated by RFC 5436.
  50. ^ RFC 5518.
  51. ^ Craig Hunt (2002). TCP/IP Network Administration. O'Reilly Media. p. 70. ISBN978-0-596-00297-8.
  52. ^ "What is unicode? | Konfinity". www.konfinity.com . Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  53. ^ "Email policies that preclude viruses". Archived from the original on May 12, 2007. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  55. ^ "...Manifestly text, 72 characters per line..." Openbsd.org. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  56. ^ "How to Prevent the Winmail.dat File from Existence Sent to Cyberspace Users". Support.microsoft.com. July 2, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  57. ^ In practice, some accustomed messages may nowadays not be delivered to the recipient's InBox, but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which, especially in a corporate environment, may be inaccessible to the recipient
  58. ^ "View only unread messages". support.microsoft.com.
  59. ^ "Free Email Providers in the Yahoo! Directory". dir.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014.
  60. ^ RFC 2368 section three : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the "mailto" URL.
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  64. ^ "Implementation and Functioning". DISTRIBUTED ELECTRONIC MAIL MODELS IN IMAP4. sec. 4.5. doi:ten.17487/RFC1733. RFC 1733.
  65. ^ "Message Store (MS)". Cyberspace Mail Architecture. sec. 4.2.ii. doi:ten.17487/RFC5598. RFC 5598.
  66. ^ By Om Malik, GigaOm. "Is Email a Curse or a Benefaction? Archived 2010-12-04 at the Wayback Automobile" September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
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  69. ^ "Email Is Top Action On Smartphones, Ahead Of Web Browsing & Facebook [Study]". March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014.
  70. ^ "The ultimate mobile email statistics overview". Archived from the original on July eleven, 2014.
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  72. ^ Gustini, Ray (December 21, 2010). "Why Are Young People Abandoning Email?". The Atlantic . Retrieved Apr 4, 2018.
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  90. ^ "2021 Electronic mail Usage Statistics". October v, 2021.
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  100. ^ RFC 3888, Message Tracking Model and Requirements
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Further reading

  • Cemil Betanov, Introduction to X.400, Artech Firm, ISBN 0-89006-597-vii.
  • Marsha Egan, "Inbox Detox and The Addiction of E-mail Excellence Archived May twenty, 2016, at the Wayback Motorcar", Acanthus Publishing ISBN 978-0-9815589-8-1
  • Lawrence Hughes, Internet electronic mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation, Artech Firm Publishers, ISBN 0-89006-939-5.
  • Kevin Johnson, Internet Email Protocols: A Developer'southward Guide, Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN 0-201-43288-9.
  • Pete Loshin, Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-34597-0.
  • Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008). "The Technical Development of Internet Email" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 30 (2): 3–29. doi:10.1109/mahc.2008.32. ISSN 1934-1547. S2CID 206442868. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2016.
  • Sara Radicati, Electronic Post: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Treatment Standards, Mcgraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-051104-vii.
  • John Rhoton, Developer'southward Guide to Cyberspace Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP, Elsevier, ISBN one-55558-212-5.
  • John Rhoton, X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols, Elsevier, ISBN i-55558-165-X.
  • David Forest, Programming Internet Mail, O'Reilly, ISBN 1-56592-479-seven.

External links

  • IANA'due south list of standard header fields
  • The History of Electronic mail is Dave Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of 'pregnant' occurrences in the evolution of electronic mail; a collaborative try that also cites this page.
  • The History of Electronic Mail is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early electronic mail arrangement
  • A Look at the Origins of Network Email is a short, yet vivid recap of the cardinal historical facts
  • Business East-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat, FBI
  • Explained from first principles, a 2022 commodity attempting to summarize more than 100 RFCs

gillonshyse1992.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email

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